What time is it? How many kids like pizza? In this chapter you will learn to read a clock and to collect and show information. Time and data are everywhere: at school, at home and at the park!
1. The parts of a clock
An analog clock has a round face with the numbers 1 to 12. It has two hands. The short hand is the hour hand. The long hand is the minute hand.
The short hand tells the hour. The long hand tells the minutes. A day has 24 hours, and the hour hand goes around the clock two times each day.
2. Telling time to the hour
When the long hand points straight up to the 12, it is exactly an hour. The short hand points to the number of the hour. We say “o’clock”.
- Look at the long hand. Does it point to the 12?
- If yes, look at the short hand and find its number.
- Say the number and add “o’clock”.
The long hand points to 12. The short hand points to 3. The time is 3 o’clock, written 3:00.
3. Telling time to the half hour
The long hand moves around the clock in one hour. When it has gone halfway around, it points to the 6. That is a half hour, or 30 minutes. We say “half past”. At half past, the short hand is between two numbers, halfway there.
The long hand points to 6. The short hand is halfway between 8 and 9. The time is half past 8, written 8:30.
At 8:30 the short hand does not point exactly at the 8. It has already started to move toward the 9. So the hour is still 8, not 9.
4. Reading digital clocks
A digital clock shows numbers instead of hands. The numbers before the two dots are the hours. The two numbers after the dots are the minutes.
If the minutes are 00, it is an o’clock time: 5:00 is 5 o’clock. If the minutes are 30, it is half past: 5:30 is half past 5.
On my planet we also count hours! Here is my trick: zero zero means “o’clock”, and three zero means “half past”.
5. Sorting data into categories
Data is information we collect, like the pets kids have or the fruits they like. To organize it, we sort it into categories. In this chapter we use up to three categories.
A bag has 4 red blocks, 2 blue blocks and 3 yellow blocks. The categories are red, blue and yellow. In all there are \(4 + 2 + 3 = 9\) blocks.
6. Making a tally chart
A tally chart uses little marks to count. Each mark is one. We draw four straight marks, and the fifth mark crosses them. A group of 5 is easy to count by fives!
A tally chart is a table of marks. Each category gets its own row, and each mark counts as 1.
In the chart, apple has one group of 5 and 1 more mark, so \(5 + 1 = 6\). Banana has 4 marks. Grapes has 3 marks. The total is \(6 + 4 + 3 = 13\) kids.
7. Reading graphs
A bar graph shows data with bars. A taller bar means a bigger number. Always read the title, the names under the bars and the numbers on the side.
Slide has the tallest bar, so it is the favorite. Its number is 7. The sandbox has the shortest bar, with 3.
8. How many more? How many fewer?
To compare two categories, we subtract. “How many more” and “how many fewer” both use the same subtraction: big number minus small number.
- Find the number for each category.
- Subtract the smaller number from the larger number.
- Write a sentence with the answer.
Slide has 7 and the sandbox has 3. We compute \(7 - 3 = 4\). So 4 more kids chose the slide than the sandbox, and the sandbox has 4 fewer than the slide.
Good questions about data are: How many in each category? Which category has the most? Which has the fewest? How many in all? How many more or fewer?
Key takeaways
- The short hand is the hour hand. The long hand is the minute hand.
- Long hand on 12: o’clock. Long hand on 6: half past.
- On a digital clock, 5:00 is 5 o’clock and 5:30 is half past 5.
- Sort data into categories, then count each category.
- Tally marks count by fives: four lines and a fifth line across.
- In a bar graph, a taller bar means more. To compare, subtract.
Test yourself: quick challenge for Grade 1
Speed drill for Grade 1: how many in 60 seconds?
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